AP Biology (3rd Edition)

  • Unit 1: Chemistry of Life
    • 1 Water in Living Systems
    • 2 The Biochemical Nature of the Cell
    • 3 Nucleotides
    • 4 Nucleic Acids
    • 5 Amino Acids Make Up Proteins
    • 6 Protein Structure is Hierarchical
    • 7 Protein Shape is Related to Function
    • 8 Comparing Fibrous and Globular Proteins
    • 9 Carbohydrate Chemistry
    • 10 Condensation and Hydrolysis of Sugars
    • 11 Polysccharides
    • 12 Cellulose and Starch
    • 13 Lipids
    • 14 Phospholipids
    • 15 Personal Progress Check
  • Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function
    • 16 Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
    • 17 Looking at Cells
    • 18 Animal Cells
    • 19 Plant Cells
    • 20 Cell Structures and Organelles
    • 21 A Closer Look at Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
    • 22 Cell Sizes
    • 23 Limitations to Cell Size
    • 24 Surface Area and Cell Size
    • 25 Efficient Exchanges with the Environment
    • 26 The Structure of Membranes
    • 27 Factors Affecting Membrane Permeability
    • 28 The Role of the Cell Wall
    • 29 Passive Transport
    • 30 Diffusion and Osmosis in a Cell
    • 31 Water Relations in Plant Cells
    • 32 Solute Potential and Cells
    • 33 Osmosis in Potato Cells
    • 34 Active Transport
    • 35 Ion Pumps
    • 36 Cytosis
    • 37 Compartments in Cells
    • 38 Origins of Cellular Compartments
    • 39 Personal Progress Check
  • Unit 3: Cellular Energetics
    • 40 The Properties of Enzymes
    • 41 How Enzymes Work
    • 42 Denaturation
    • 43 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
    • 44 Enzyme Inhibitors
    • 45 Investigating Enzyme Activity
    • 46 Energy in Living Systems
    • 47 Energy Transformations in Cells
    • 48 Origin of Eukaryotic Photosynthesis
    • 49 Photosynthesis
    • 50 Pigments and Light Absorption
    • 51 Light Dependent Reactions
    • 52 Light Independent Reactions
    • 53 Investigating Photosynthesis
    • 54 Pathways for Obtaining Energy
    • 55 Cellular Respiration Overview
    • 56 The Biochemistry of Respiration
    • 57 Chemiosmosis and the Proton Motive Force
    • 58 Investigating Cellular Respiration
    • 59 Anaerobic Pathways for ATP Production
    • 60 Variation at the Molecular Level
    • 61 Personal Progress Check
  • Unit 4: Cell Communication and Cell Cycle
    • 62 Types of Cell Signaling
    • 63 Cell to Cell Communication
    • 64 Communication Over Short and Long Distances
    • 65 Signals and Signal Transduction
    • 66 Types of Signal Transduction
    • 67 Signal Transduction and Environment
    • 68 Changes in Signal Transduction Pathways
    • 69 Feedback
    • 70 Cell Division
    • 71 The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
    • 72 The Outcome of Mitosis
    • 73 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
    • 74 Modeling Mitosis
    • 75 The Effect of Environment on Mitosis
    • 76 Regulation of the Cell Cycle
    • 77 Defective Gene Regulation in Cancer
    • 78 Analyzing the Effects of Cell Cycle Errors
    • 79 Personal Progress Check
  • Unit 5: Heredity
    • 80 Meiosis
    • 81 Modeling Meiosis
    • 82 Mitosis vs Meiosis
    • 83 What Do Shared Conserved Processes Tell Us?
    • 84 Principles of Mendelian Genetics
    • 85 Basic Genetic Crosses
    • 86 Probability
    • 87 Using Pedigrees to Analyze Inheritance Patterns
    • 88 Recombination and Dihybrid Inheritance
    • 89 Predicting the Outcomes of Genetic Crosses
    • 90 Testing the Outcomes of Genetic Crosses
    • 91 Non-Mendelian Inheritance
    • 92 Codominance and Multiple Alleles
    • 93 Incomplete Dominance
    • 94 Lethal Alleles
    • 95 Inheritance of Linked Genes
    • 96 Mapping Chromosomes Using Linked Genes
    • 97 Detecting Linkage in Dihybrid Inheritance
    • 98 Sex Linkage
    • 99 How Sex Determination Affects Inheritance
    • 100 Multiple Genes
    • 101 Non-nuclear inheritance
    • 102 Environmental Effects on Phenotype
    • 103 Variation and Phenotypic Plasticity
    • 104 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
    • 105 Chromosomal Inheritance and Human Disorders
    • 106 Personal Progress Check
  • Unit 6: Gene Expression and Regulation
    • 107 Genomes, Genes, and Alleles
    • 108 Prokaryotic Chromosomes
    • 109 Plasmid DNA
    • 110 Eukaryotic Chromosomes
    • 111 Creating a DNA Molecule
    • 112 How Does DNA Replicate?
    • 113 Enzyme Control of DNA Replication
    • 114 What is Gene Expression?
    • 115 What is the Genetic Code?
    • 116 Transcription in Eukaryotes
    • 117 mRNA Processing in Eukaryotes
    • 118 Translation
    • 119 Retroviruses: A Special Case in Information Flow
    • 120 Structural and Regulatory Genes
    • 121 Cell Differentiation and Gene Expression
    • 122 Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression
    • 123 Transcription Factors During Development
    • 124 Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes
    • 125 Eukaryotic Gene Structure and Regulation
    • 126 Gene Expression and Phenotype
    • 127 miRNA and Development
    • 128 Mutations
    • 129 Mutation and Phenotype
    • 130 Changes to DNA
    • 131 Changes to Chromosomes
    • 132 Mutation, Variation, and Natural Selection
    • 133 The Genetic Basis of Resistance in Bacteria
    • 134 Recombining Genetic Material in Viruses
    • 135 What is Genetic Engineering?
    • 136 Gel Electrophoresis
    • 137 Polymerase Chain Reaction
    • 138 Bacterial Transformation and Gene Cloning
    • 139 Aseptic Technique and Streak Plating
    • 140 Testing for Transformation
    • 141 DNA Analysis
    • 142 Applications of Profiling
    • 143 DNA Profiling Lab
    • 144 GM Techniques in Agriculture and Medicine
    • 145 GM Techniques and Bioinformatics
    • 146 Personal Progress Check
  • Unit 7: Natural Selection
    • 147 A Pictorial History of Evolutionary Thought
    • 148 Variation and Natural Selection
    • 149 Adaptation and Fitness
    • 150 Environment and Evolution
    • 151 Natural Selection Acts on Phenotype
    • 152 Selection Pressures in Populations
    • 153 Phenotypic Variation and Fitness
    • 154 Artificial Selection
    • 155 Selection and population change
    • 156 Artificial Selection in Crop Plants
    • 157 Selection in Fast Plants
    • 158 Convergence: The influence of the Environment
    • 159 Microevolutionary Processes in Gene Pools
    • 160 Changes in Gene Pool
    • 161 Population Bottlenecks
    • 162 The Founder Effect
    • 163 Genetic Drift
    • 164 Calculating Allele Frequencies in Populations
    • 165 Analysis of a Squirrel Gene Pool
    • 166 The Evidence for Evolution
    • 167 Fossils
    • 168 Methods for Dating Fossils
    • 169 Relative Dating
    • 170 Chronometric Dating
    • 171 Homologous Structures
    • 172 Vestigial Structures
    • 173 Homologous Proteins
    • 174 What Can Highly Conserved Proteins Tell Us?
    • 175 Genomic Comparisons and Relatedness
    • 176 Gene Duplication and Evolution
    • 177 Descent and Common Ancestry
    • 178 The Origins of Eukaryotes
    • 179 Continuing Evolution: Galapagos Finches
    • 180 Master Genes and Evolutionary Change
    • 181 Continuous Change in the Fossil Record
    • 182 Modern Drivers in Evolution
    • 183 The Emergence of New Diseases
    • 184 What is a Phylogenetic Tree?
    • 185 The Phylogeny of Animals
    • 186 Constructing Phylogenies Using Cladistics
    • 187 Why Are Birds Dinosaurs
    • 188 Constructing a Cladogram
    • 189 What is a Species?
    • 190 Patterns of Evolution
    • 191 Divergence is an Evolutionary Pattern
    • 192 Adaptive Radiation in Mammals
    • 193 Allopatric Speciation
    • 194 Sympatric Speciation
    • 195 Habitat Fragmentation: Speciation and Extinction
    • 196 Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms
    • 197 Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms
    • 198 Extinction
    • 199 Causes of Mass Extinction
    • 200 The Sixth Extinction
    • 201 Diversity and Resilience
    • 202 Investigating Molecular Diversity
    • 203 The Origin of Life
    • 204 Prebiotic Experiments
    • 205 An RNA World
    • 206 Landmarks in Earth's History
    • 207 Personal Progress Check
  • Unit 8: Ecology
    • 208 Responding to Changes in the Environment
    • 209 Timing and Coordination in Plants
    • 210 Tropisms and Growth Responses
    • 211 Plant Hormones as Signal Molecules
    • 212 Photoperiodism in Plants
    • 213 Investigating Plant Transpiration
    • 214 Kineses
    • 215 Taxes
    • 216 Choice Chamber Investigations
    • 217 Stimuli and Behavior
    • 218 Plant Responses to Threats
    • 219 Communication
    • 220 Courtship and Mating Behaviors
    • 221 Territories and Breeding Behavior
    • 222 Herds, Flocks, and Schools
    • 223 Cooperation and Survival
    • 224 Honeybee Communication
    • 225 Cooperation and Foraging Success
    • 226 Cooperation and Improved Defense
    • 227 Colony behaviour and Survival
    • 228 Kin Selection
    • 229 How Organisms Allocate Energy
    • 230 Endothermy and Ectothermy
    • 231 Energy and Seasonal Breeding
    • 232 Reproductive Allocation and Parental Care
    • 233 Metabolism and body size
    • 234 Energy in Ecosystems
    • 235 The Flow of Energy in Ecosystems
    • 236 Investigating Trophic Efficiencies
    • 237 The Dynamics of Populations
    • 238 Exponential Population Growth
    • 239 The Effect of Population Density: Logistic Growth
    • 240 Community Structure and Diversity
    • 241 Species Interactions and Community Structure
    • 242 Energy and Community Structure
    • 243 Ecosystem Diversity and Resilience
    • 244 The Role of Keystone Species
    • 245 Adaptation and Environmental Change
    • 246 Invasive species and Community Change
    • 247 Human Activity and Ecosystem Change
    • 248 Natural Events and Ecosystems
    • 249 Personal Progress Check
  • Science Practices for AP Biology
    • 250 Concept Explanation
    • 251 Visual Representations
    • 252 Questions and Methods
    • 253 Representing and Describing Data
    • 254 Statistical Tests and Data Analysis
    • 255 Argumentation