HSC Biology Modules 1-4

  • 1 Working Scientifically
    • 1 Aims, Questions, Hypotheses and Predictions
    • 2 Planning and Conducting Investigations
    • 3 Safety and Ethical Guidelines
    • 4 Processing and Analysing Data
    • 5 Problem Solving
    • 6 Evaluating & Communicating Scientific Ideas
    • 7 Chapter Review: Did You Get It?
  • 2 Cell Structure
    • 8 The Cell is the Unit of Life
    • 9 Types of Cells
    • 10 Cell Sizes
    • 11 Prokaryotic Cells
    • 12 Animal Cells
    • 13 Identifying Structures in an Animal Cell
    • 14 Plant Cells
    • 15 Identifying Structures in an Plant Cell
    • 16 Optical Microscopes
    • 17 Preparing a Slide
    • 18 Electron Microscopes
    • 19 Calculating Linear Magnification
    • 20 Biological Drawings
    • 21 Observing and Drawing Cells
    • 22 Cell Structures and Organelles
    • 23 Comparing the Features of Cells
    • 24 The Plasma Membrane
    • 25 Phospholipids and the Properties of Membranes
    • 26 The Structure of a Plasma Membrane
    • 27 How Do We Know? Membrane Structure
    • 28 Modelling the Plasma Membrane
    • 29 Chapter Review: Did You Get It?
  • 3 Cell Function
    • 30 What Cells Need For Survival
    • 31 Cells Exchange Substances by Diffusion
    • 32 Investigating Transport Across Membranes
    • 33 Diffusion and Cell Size
    • 34 Overcoming Limitations to Cell Size
    • 35 Investigating the Effect of Cell Size
    • 36 Osmosis
    • 37 Estimating Osmolarity of Cells
    • 38 Water Relations in Plant Cells
    • 39 Active Transport
    • 40 Ion Pumps and Cotransport
    • 41 Membranes and the Export of Proteins
    • 42 Endocytosis
    • 43 Active and Passive Transport Summary
    • 44 Energy Inputs and Outputs
    • 45 Energy Transformations in Cells
    • 46 The Role of ATP in Cells
    • 47 ATP and Energy
    • 48 Cellular Respiration: Inputs and Outputs
    • 49 Measuring Respiration
    • 50 The Biochemistry of Respiration
    • 51 Anaerobic Pathways
    • 52 Investigating Yeast Fermentation
    • 53 Chloroplasts
    • 54 Photosynthesis: Inputs and Outputs
    • 55 Investigating Photosynthetic Rate
    • 56 Pigments and Light Absorption
    • 57 Separating Pigments by Chromatography
    • 58 Light Dependent Reactions
    • 59 Light Independent Reactions
    • 60 Dealing with Cellular Wastes
    • 61 Enzymes
    • 62 Models of Enzyme Activity
    • 63 How Enzymes Work
    • 64 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
    • 65 Investigating Peroxidase Activity
    • 66 Chapter Review: Did You Get it?
    • 67 Synoptic Assessment: Module 1
  • 4 Organisation of Cells
    • 68 Unicellular Eukaryotes
    • 69 Colonial Organisms
    • 70 Multicellular Organisms
    • 71 Specialisation in Plant Cells
    • 72 Specialisation in Animal Cells
    • 73 The Hierarchy of life
    • 74 Exploring Tissue and Organs
    • 75 Organ Systems Work Together
    • 76 Chapter Review: Did You Get It?
  • 5 Nutrient and Gas Requirements
    • 77 Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
    • 78 Plant Structure and Function
    • 79 Gas exchange in Plants
    • 80 Gas Exchange and Stomata
    • 81 Leaf and Stem Adaptations
    • 82 Analysis of Stomatal Density in Different Plants
    • 83 Excretion in Plants
    • 84 Gas Exchange
    • 85 Gas Exchange in Insects
    • 86 Gas Exchange in Fish
    • 87 Mammalian Gas Exchange System
    • 88 The Lungs
    • 89 Modelling Lung Ventilation
    • 90 Gas Transport in Mammals
    • 91 The Digestive System
    • 92 Moving Food Through the Gut
    • 93 Stomach and Small Intestine
    • 94 Digestion, Absorption, and Transport
    • 95 The Large Intestine
    • 96 Chapter Review: Did You Get it?
  • 6 Transport
    • 97 The Plant Transport System
    • 98 Plant Dissection
    • 99 Stems and Roots
    • 100 Xylem
    • 101 Phloem
    • 102 Uptake at the Root
    • 103 Transpiration
    • 104 Investigating Plant Transpiration
    • 105 Translocation
    • 106 Experimental Evidence for Plant Transport
    • 107 The Circulatory System
    • 108 Blood
    • 109 Blood Vessels
    • 110 Capillaries and Capillary Networks
    • 111 Structure of the Mammalian Heart
    • 112 Changes in the Blood
    • 113 Open Circulatory Systems
    • 114 Closed Circulatory Systems
    • 115 Chapter Review: Did You Get It?
    • 116 Synoptic Assessment: Module 2
  • 7 Effects of the Environment on Organisms
    • 117 Types of Selection Pressures
    • 118 Predicting the Effects of Selection Pressure
    • 119 Disease as a Selection Pressure
    • 120 The Rise and Fall of the Prickly Pear
    • 121 The Influence of Cane Toads on Native Species
    • 122 Chapter Review: Did You Get It?
  • 8 Adaptations
    • 123 Adaptations and Fitness
    • 124 Reproductive Strategies for Survival
    • 125 Adaptations for Diving
    • 126 Adaptations for Controlling Body Temperature
    • 127 Structural Adaptations for Thermoregulation
    • 128 Behavioural Adaptations for Thermoregulation
    • 129 Physiological Adaptations for Thermoregulation
    • 130 Adaptation: Galapagos Finches and Darwin
    • 131 Adaptation: Australian Flora and Fauna
    • 132 Plant Adaptations
    • 133 Chapter Review: Did You Get It?
  • 9 Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
    • 134 Earth's Evolutionary History
    • 135 Mechanism of Natural Selection
    • 136 Microevolutionary Processes in Gene Pools
    • 137 Natural Selection and Evolutionary Change
    • 138 Stages in Species Formation
    • 139 Allopatric Speciation
    • 140 Sympatric Speciation
    • 141 The Evolution of Horses
    • 142 The Evolution of Whales
    • 143 The Evolution of Platypus
    • 144 Patterns of Evolution
    • 145 Divergence is an Evolutionary Pattern
    • 146 The Rate of Evolutionary Change
    • 147 Divergent Evolution in Ratites
    • 148 Adaptive Radiation in Mammals
    • 149 Convergent Evolution
    • 150 Chapter Review: Did You Get It?
  • 10 Evolution - The Evidence
    • 151 The Evidence for Evolution
    • 152 Descent and Common Ancestry
    • 153 Fossils and Fossil Formation
    • 154 Methods of Dating Fossils
    • 155 Relative Dating and the Fossil Record
    • 156 What is Absolute Dating?
    • 157 Transitional Fossils
    • 158 Biogeographical Evidence
    • 159 Oceanic Island Colonisers
    • 160 Continental Drift and Evolution
    • 161 Homologous Structures
    • 162 Developmental Evidence for Evolution
    • 163 The Evolution of Drug Resistance
    • 164 Changes in Cane Toads
    • 165 Determining Relatedness Using Proteins
    • 166 Determining Relatedness Using DNA
    • 167 Comparing DNA sequences
    • 168 Molecular Clock Theory
    • 169 Using Mitochondrial DNA
    • 170 Chapter Review: Did You Get it?
    • 171 Synoptic Assessment: Module 3
  • 11 Population Dynamics
    • 172 Components of an Ecosystem
    • 173 Habitat
    • 174 Factors Affecting Population Size
    • 175 Calculating Change in Population Size
    • 176 Predation Can Control Population Size
    • 177 Abiotic Factors and Population Size
    • 178 Estimating Population Size
    • 179 Patterns of Population Growth
    • 180 Modelling Population Growth
    • 181 The Impact of Disease
    • 182 Ecological Niche
    • 183 Developmental Evidence for Evolution
    • 184 The Influence of Competition
    • 185 Interspecific Competition
    • 186 Competition and Species Distribution
    • 187 Identifying Species in a Eucalypt Forest
    • 188 Keystone Species
    • 189 The Effect of Keystone Species
    • 190 Why Do We Sample?
    • 191 How Do We Sample Ecosystems?
    • 192 Quadrat Sampling
    • 193 Quadrat Based Estimates
    • 194 Transect Sampling
    • 195 Field Study of a Rocky Shore
    • 196 The Sixth Extinction
    • 197 Chapter Review: Did You Get It?
  • 12 Past Ecosystems
    • 198 Analysing Evidence for Ecosystem Change
    • 199 Techniques for Analysing Environmental Change
    • 200 Analysing the Evidence for Biological Change
    • 201 Reasons for Past Environmental Change
    • 202 Chapter Review: Did You Get It?
  • 13 Future Ecosystems
    • 203 The Role of Humans on the Future of Species
    • 204 Predicting Future Biodiversity
    • 205 Restoring Damaged Ecosystems
    • 206 Chapter Review: Did You Get It?
    • 207 Synoptic Assessment Module 4
  • 14 Depth Studies
    • 208 Depth Studies: Guidance and Ideas