Biology for Texas

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  • Chapter 1 - Cells and Viruses
    • 1 What is a Sponge?
    • 2 Biomolecules in the Cell
    • 3 Carbohydrates in Cells
    • 4 Nucleic Acids in Cells
    • 5 Proteins are Formed from Amino Acids
    • 6 Investigating the Structure of Proteins
    • 7 The Functions of Proteins in Cells
    • 8 Lipids in Cells
    • 9 The Development of Microscopes
    • 10 Microscopes and Magnification
    • 11 Studying Cells
    • 12 Life Arises from Life
    • 13 The Cell is the Unit of Life
    • 14 Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
    • 15 Distinguishing Features of Eukaryotic Cells
    • 16 Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
    • 17 Comparing Cell and Virus Sizes
    • 18 Why be Multicellular?
    • 19 Eukaryotes have Complex Cells
    • 20 Cell Membrane Structure
    • 21 Diffusion in Cells - Passive Transport
    • 22 Osmosis in Cells - Diffusion of Water
    • 23 Active Transport in Cells
    • 24 What is an Ion Pump?
    • 25 Cytosis
    • 26 Comparing Virus and Cell Structure
    • 27 Viral Reproduction and Disease
    • 28 How is Viral Disease Transmitted?
    • 29 Epidemics and Pandemics
    • 30 Modeling Viral Disease Outbreak and Spread
    • 31 Viral Disease Case Study: Covid-19
    • 32 What is a Sponge? Revisited
  • Chapter 2 - Cell cycle
    • 34 The Power to Rebuild
    • 35 Growth and Repair of Cells
    • 36 The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
    • 37 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
    • 38 Modelling Mitosis
    • 39 DNA Replication
    • 40 Stages of DNA Replication
    • 41 Evidence for Semi-conservative DNA Replication
    • 42 Differentiation of Cells
    • 43 Blood Cell Differentiation
    • 44 Specialization in Plant Cells
    • 45 Specialization in Animal Cells
    • 46 Cells and the Environment
    • 47 Role of the Environment in Cell Development
    • 48 Cell Cycle Disruptions and Cancer
  • Chapter 3 - Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
    • 51 Mouse Trap
    • 52 A Closer Look at Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
    • 53 Energy in Cells
    • 54 Introduction to Photosynthesis
    • 55 Stages in Photosynthesis
    • 56 Investigating Photosynthetic Rate
    • 57 Energy Transfers Between Systems
    • 58 Energy From Glucose
    • 59 Aerobic Cellular Respiration
    • 60 Measuring Respiration
    • 61 Modeling Photosynthesis and Respiration
    • 62 Reactions in Cells
    • 63 What are Enzymes?
    • 64 How Enzymes Work
    • 65 Enzymes Have Optimal Conditions to Work
    • 66 Design an Experiment to Test Catalase Activity
    • 67 Mouse Trap Revisited
  • Chapter 4 - Animal and plant structure and function
    • 69 Complex Interactions
    • 70 The Hierarchy of Life
    • 71 Overview of Body Systems
    • 72 The Body's Systems Work Together
    • 73 Homeostasis
    • 74 Negative Feedback Regulates the Body
    • 75 Nervous Regulatory Systems
    • 76 Hormonal Regulation
    • 77 Nervous and Endocrine Interactions
    • 78 Interactions Regulating the Blood
    • 79 Interactions Regulating Respiratory Gases
    • 80 Effect of Exercise on Heart Rate and Breathing
    • 81 Interactions for Nutrient Absorption
    • 82 Regulating Blood Glucose Levels
    • 83 Interacting Systems: The Menstrual Cycle
    • 84 Interactions of Systems: Pregnancy and Birth
    • 85 The Immune System
    • 86 The Body's Defences: A Layered System
    • 87 Blood Clotting and Defense
    • 88 Interacting Systems: Responding to Infection
    • 89 Plant Organ Systems
    • 90 Interacting Systems in Plants
    • 91 Xylem and Phloem
    • 92 Stem and Root Structure
    • 93 Transpiration
    • 94 Investigating Transpiration
    • 95 Uptake at the Root
    • 96 Translocation
    • 97 Asexual Reproduction in Plants
    • 98 Investigation into Plant Propagation
    • 99 Insect Pollinated Flowers
    • 100 Wind Pollinated Flowers
    • 101 Pollination and Fertilization
    • 102 Seed Structure and Germination
    • 103 Seed Dispersal
    • 104 Responses in Plants
    • 105 Tropisms and Growth Responses
    • 106 Auxins, Gibberellins, and ABA
    • 107 Plant Hormones as Signal Molecules
    • 108 Investigating Phototropism
    • 109 Gibberellins and Stem Elongation
    • 110 Investigating Gravitropism
    • 111 Investigating Gravitropism in Seeds
    • 112 Nastic Responses
    • 113 Complex Interactions Revisited
  • Chapter 5 - DNA and Gene expression
    • 115 Real Life Super Powers
    • 116 DNA and Chromosomes
    • 117 DNA and RNA
    • 118 Modeling DNA Structure
    • 119 Discovering DNA
    • 120 The Origin of DNA
    • 121 Introduction to Gene Expression
    • 122 Transcription
    • 123 mRNA Editing
    • 124 The Genetic Code
    • 125 Translation
    • 127 DNA Sequence and Traits
    • 128 Mutations
    • 129 Changes to DNA
    • 130 Effects of Mutations
    • 131 Molecular Technologies and DNA
    • 132 Polymerase Chain Reaction
    • 133 Gel Electrophoresis
    • 134 Making Recombinant DNA
    • 135 Gene Editing with CRISPR
    • 136 Genetic Engineering for Insulin
    • 137 Testing For Covid-19
    • 138 Molecular Technologies and Research
    • 139 Real Life Super Powers Revisited
  • Chapter 6 - Patterns of Inheritance
    • 142 What is a Trait?
    • 143 Different Alleles for Different Traits
    • 144 Sources of Variation
    • 145 Examples of Genetic Variation
    • 146 Sexual Reproduction Produces Genetic Variation
    • 147 Meiosis
    • 148 Meiosis and Variation
    • 149 Modeling Meiosis
    • 150 Linked Genes and Variability
    • 151 Mendelian Genetics
    • 152 Monohybrid Crosses
    • 153 Probability
    • 154 Practicing Monohybrid Cross
    • 155 Dihybrid Crosses
    • 156 Non Mendelian Genetics
    • 157 Incomplete Dominance
    • 158 Codominance
    • 159 Sex Linkage
    • 160 Testing the Outcomes of Genetic Crosses
  • Chapter 7 - Evolution and common ancestry
    • 163 Dinosaur or Bird?
    • 164 Evolution and Common Ancestry
    • 165 Fossil Formation
    • 166 The Fossil Record
    • 167 Interpreting the Fossil Record
    • 168 Transitional Fossils
    • 169 Anatomical Homology
    • 170 Biogeography and Common Ancestry
    • 171 DNA Evidence for Common Ancestry
    • 172 Protein Evidence for Common Ancestry
    • 173 Developmental Homology
    • 174 Changes in the Fossil Record
    • 175 Punctuated Equilibrium and Gradualism
    • 176 Developing the Theory of Evolution
    • 177 Dinosaur or Bird? Revisited
    • 178 Summing Up
  • Chapter 8 - Evolution and Natural selection
    • 179 How Does an Elephant Lose its Tusks?
    • 180 How Does Natural Selection Work?
    • 181 Modeling Natural Selection with M&M"s
    • 182 The Role of Variation in Populations
    • 183 Natural Selection in Galápagos Finches
    • 184 Selection Pressure in Populations
    • 185 Directional Selection in Moth Populations
    • 186 Measuring Gene Pool Change
    • 187 Natural Selection in Rock Pocket Mice
    • 188 Modeling Natural Selection in Rock Pocket Mice
    • 189 What is a Species?
    • 190 How Species Form
    • 191 Patterns of Evolution
    • 192 Evolutionary Mechanisms in Gene Pools
    • 193 Gene Flow
    • 194 Genetic Drift
    • 195 The Founder Effect
    • 196 Genetic Bottlenecks
    • 197 Mutations and the Gene Pool
    • 198 Genetic Recombination and the Gene Pool
    • 199 How Does an Elephant Lose its Tusks Revisited
    • 200 Summing Up
  • Chapter 9 - Ecology
    • 201 A Mammoth Task
    • 202 Components of an Ecosystem
    • 203 Habitat and Tolerance Range
    • 204 The Ecological Niche
    • 205 Ecosystem Dynamics
    • 206 The Resilient Ecosystem
    • 207 A Case Study in Ecosystem Resilience
    • 208 Species Interactions
    • 209 Predator-Prey Relationships
    • 210 Predation and Destabilized Ecosystems
    • 211 Investigating Predator-Prey Stability
    • 212 Competition for Resources
    • 213 Intraspecific Competition
    • 214 Interspecific Competition
    • 215 The Impact of Competing Alien Species
    • 216 Parasitism: One-sided Benefits
    • 217 Commensalism: Free for the Taking
    • 218 Mutualism: A Beneficial Dependance
    • 219 Eat or be Eaten
    • 220 Photoautotrophs and Heterotrophs
    • 221 Trophic Levels
    • 222 Matter Cycles Through an Ecosystem
    • 223 Disruption of Matter Cycles
    • 224 Energy Flows Through an Ecosystem
    • 225 Ecological Pyramids
    • 226 Investigating Ecological Pyramids
    • 227 Disruption to Biomass and Energy Flow
    • 228 Nutrient Cycles
    • 229 The Carbon Cycle
    • 230 Modeling the Carbon Cycle
    • 231 Disruption to the Carbon Cycle
    • 232 Ocean Acidification
    • 233 The Nitrogen Cycle
    • 234 Disruptions to the Nitrogen Cycle
    • 235 Ecosystem Changes can be Permanent
    • 236 Biodiversity in an Ecosystem
    • 237 Keystone Species and Ecosystem Stability
    • 238 Human Activity and Biodiversity
    • 239 Human Impacts on Marine Biodiversity
    • 240 Deforestation and Species Survival
    • 241 Can't See the Wood for the Trees
    • 242 The Effects of Damming on Biodiversity
    • 243 Humans Depend on Biodiversity
    • 244 A Mammoth Task Revisited
    • 245 Summing Up
  • Chapter 10 - Science practices
    • 246 How Do We Do Science?
    • 247 Systems and System Models
    • 248 Hypotheses, Laws, and Theories
    • 249 Observations and Assumptions
    • 250 Accuracy and Precision
    • 251 Working With Numbers
    • 252 Tallies, Percentages, and Rates
    • 253 Fractions and Ratios
    • 254 Dealing With Large Numbers
    • 255 Apparatus and Measurement
    • 256 Types of Data
    • 257 Variables and Controls
    • 258 Recording Results
    • 259 Constructing Tables
    • 260 Which Graph to Use?
    • 261 Drawing Line Graphs
    • 262 Drawing Scatter Graphs
    • 263 Correlation or Causation?
    • 264 Drawing Bar Graphs
    • 265 Drawing Histograms
    • 266 Drawing Pie Graphs
    • 267 Mean, Median, and Mode
    • 268 What is Standard Deviation?
    • 269 Detecting Bias in Samples
    • 270 Biological Drawings
    • 271 Practicing Biological Drawings
    • 272 Safety and Ethics in Investigations
    • 273 A Qualitative Practical Task