VCE Biology Units 3&4 (2nd Edition)

  • 1 Nucleic Acids and Proteins
    • 1 Nucleotides
    • 2 What Does DNA Look Like?
    • 3 Nucleic Acids
    • 3 Creating a DNA Model
    • 5 DNA Replication
    • 6 What Is Gene Expression?
    • 7 What is the Genetic Code?
    • 8 Transcription in Eukaryotes
    • 9 mRNA processing
    • 10 Translation
    • 11 Structural and Regulatory Genes
    • 12 Models of Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes
    • 13 Amino Acids Make Up Proteins
    • 14 Protein Structure is Hierarchical
    • 15 Protein Shape is Related to Function
    • 16 Comparing Globular and Fibrous Proteins
    • 17 Protein Functional Diversity
    • 18 How Are Proteins Modified?
    • 19 Protein Export
    • 20 Chapter Review: Did You Get It?
  • 2 DNA Manipulation
    • 21 What is DNA Manipulation?
    • 22 DNA Amplification Using PCR
    • 23 Making Recombinant DNA
    • 24 New Tools: Gene Editing with CRISPR
    • 25 Gel Electrophoresis
    • 26 Applications of DNA Profiling
    • 27 A Case Study in DNA Profiling Success
    • 28 What is a Transgenic Organism?
    • 29 Using Recombinant Plasmids In Medicine
    • 30 Using Recombinant Plasmids In Agriculture
    • 31 Chapter Review: Did You Get It?
    • 32 Synoptic QuestionL Unit 3, Area of Study 1
  • 3 Regulation of Biochemical Pathways
    • 33 General Metabolic Pathways
    • 34 Enzymes
    • 35 Models of Enzyme Activity
    • 36 How Enzymes Work
    • 37 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
    • 38 Investigating Peroxidase Activity
    • 39 Enzyme Inhibition
    • 40 Coenzymes
    • 41 Achieving Metabolic Efficiency
    • 42 Chapter Review: Did You Get It?
  • 4 Photosynthesis
    • 43 The Role of Photosynthesis
    • 44 Chloroplasts
    • 45 Photosynthesis: Inputs and Outputs
    • 46 Adaptations for Maximising Photosynthesis
    • 47 Investigating Photosynthetic Rate
    • 48 Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
    • 49 Overcoming Limiting Factors in Photosynthesis
    • 50 Chapter Review: Did You Get It?
  • 5 Cellular Respiration
    • 51 The Role of ATP in Cells
    • 52 ATP and Energy
    • 53 Cellular Respiration: Inputs and Outputs
    • 54 Measuring Respiration
    • 55 Anaerobic Pathways
    • 56 Investigating Yeast Fermentation
    • 57 Factors Affecting Cellular Respiration
    • 58 Chapter Review: Did You Get It?
  • 6 Applications of Biochemical Pathways
    • 59 Improving Productivity Using Technology
    • 60 Applications of Anaerobic Fermentation
    • 61 Food Security
    • 62 Chapter Review: Did You Get It?
    • 63 Synotic Question: Unit 3, Area of Study 2
  • 7 Responding to Antigens
    • 64 Pathogens and Antigens
    • 65 Phyical Defences in Plants and Animals
    • 66 Chemical Defences in Plants and Animals
    • 67 The Protective Microbiome
    • 68 The Body's Defences: An Overview
    • 69 The Innate Immune Response
    • 70 Phagocytes and Phagocytosis
    • 71 Recognising Antigens
    • 72 Recognising Cellular and Non-Cellular Pathogens
    • 73 Chapter Review: Did You Get It?
  • 8 Acquiring Immunity
    • 74 The Lymphatic System and Immunity
    • 75 The Adaptive Immune Response
    • 76 Clonal Selection
    • 77 Antibodies
    • 78 Acquired Immunity
    • 79 Chapter Review: Did You Get It?
  • 9 Disease Challenges and Strategies
    • 80 Effect of Pathogens Naïve Populations
    • 81 Emergence of New Pathogens
    • 82 Identifying Pathogens and Their Sources
    • 83 Transmission of Disease
    • 84 Managing Disease Outbreaks
    • 85 Containing the Spread of Disease
    • 86 Effectiveness of Handwashing
    • 87 Quarantaine and Biosecurity
    • 88 Predicting Future Patterns of Disease
    • 89 Vaccines and Vaccination
    • 90 Vaccines Can Eliminate Infectious Disease
    • 91 Modelling Disease Outbreak and Spread
    • 92 The Covid-19 Pandemic: Where Are We Now?
    • 93 Monoclonal Antibodies
    • 94 Monoclonal Antibodies to Treat Cancer
    • 95 Monoclonals Against Autoimmune disease
    • 96 Chapter Review: Did You Get It?
    • 97 Synoptic Question: Unit 4, Area of Study 1
  • 10 Genetic Changes in a Population Over Time
    • 98 Sources of Variation
    • 99 Variation and Natural Selection
    • 100 Microevolutionary Processes In Gene Pools
    • 101 Type of Natural Selection
    • 102 Adaptation and Fitness
    • 103 Changes in a Gene Pool
    • 104 Computational Analysis of Genotypic Changes
    • 105 The Founder Effect
    • 106 Genetic Drift
    • 107 Genetic Bottlenecks
    • 108 Selection for Skin Colour in Humans
    • 109 Why Don't Mutations Disappear?
    • 110 Selective Breeding in Animals
    • 111 Selection in Livestock
    • 112 Selective Breeding for Milk Production
    • 113 Selective Breeding in Crop Plants
    • 114 Breeding Modern Wheat
    • 115 The Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance
    • 116 Antigenic Variability in Pathogens
    • 117 Chapter Review: Did You Get It?
  • 11 Changes in Species Over Time
    • 118 What is Evolution?
    • 119 Earth's Evolutionary History
    • 120 Fossils
    • 121 Methods of Dating Fossils
    • 122 Relative Dating and the Fossil Record
    • 123 Absolute Dating
    • 124 Transistional Fossils
    • 125 Stages in Species Formation
    • 126 Reproductive Isolation
    • 127 Speciation and the Role of Habitat
    • 128 Allopatric speciation
    • 129 Sympatric speciation
    • 130 Chapter Review: Did You Get It?
  • 12 Determining Species Relatedness
    • 131 Evidence for Evolution
    • 132 Descent and Common Ancestry
    • 133 Homologous Structures
    • 134 Vestigial Structures
    • 135 Determining Relatedness Using Proteins
    • 136 Determining Relatedness by DNA Hybridisation
    • 137 Genomic Comparisons and Relatedness
    • 138 The Molecular Clock Theory
    • 139 Using Mitochondrial DNA
    • 140 What is a Phylogenetic Tree?
    • 141 Constructing Phylogenies From Cladistics
    • 142 Constructing a Cladogram
    • 143 Determining the Relatedness of Whales
    • 144 Chapter Review: Did You Get It?
  • 13 Human Change Over Time
    • 145 Primate Classification
    • 146 General Primate Characteristics
    • 147 The Primate Hand
    • 147 Evidence for Evolution
    • 148 Hominoids and Hominins
    • 149 Trends in Hominin Evolution: Overview
    • 150 Trends in Skull Anatomy
    • 151 Trends in Brain Volume
    • 152 Trends in Dentition
    • 153 Bipedalism and Nakedness
    • 154 Adaptations for Bipedalism
    • 155 Cultural Evolution
    • 156 Shelter and Clothing
    • 157 Trends in Palaeolithic Tool Cultures
    • 158 Fire
    • 159 Art and Spirituality
    • 160 Hominin Evolution: Probable Phylogenies
    • 161 The Importance of Ardi
    • 162 New Findings: Denisovans
    • 163 New Interpretations: The Neanderthals
    • 164 Problems With Interpretation: Floresiensis
    • 165 Probelms with Dating: Naledi
    • 166 New Techniques: Ancient DNA
    • 167 A Summary of Trends in Hominin Evolution
    • 168 The Dispersal of Modern Humans
    • 169 The Populating of Australia
    • 170 Chapter Review: Did You Get It?
    • 171 Synoptic Question: Unit 4, Area of Study 2
  • 14 Investigating Cellular Processes or Biological Change
    • 172 Ethics and Issues of Research
    • 173 Maintaining a Logbook
    • 174 Analysis and Interpretation
    • 175 Designing a Practical Investigation
    • 175 Designing a Practical Investigation